The VICC.ORG Directory of Doctors, Healthcare Providers & Researchers
H. Alex Brown, Ph.D.
Ingram Associate Professor of Cancer Research
VICC Member
Researcher
Contact Information:
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
417A Preston Research Building
Nashville, TN 37232-6600
615-936-3888
Research Specialty
Research in Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Bioorganic, and Analytical Chemistry.
Research Description
Our research group is focused on understanding the roles of specific lipid molecular species and phospholipases in cellular functions and human disease. The laboratory is highly interdisciplinary with research faculty, postdoctoral fellows, staff and graduate students coming from a variety of backgrounds including chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and mathematics. We combine systems biology approaches with mass spectrometry to profile changes in cellular lipid species (lipidomics). Much of our work is focused on understanding the role of phospholipase D (PLD) in growth factor and G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling networks. With our collaborators we are developing novel chemical inhibitors of PLD and ancillaryproteins in the signaling network to better understand the role of PLD in cancers and tumorigenesis, as well as to explore its therapeutic potential. Areas of current research include: structure and enzymology of PLD; defining the signal transduction networks from the receptor tyrosine kinases and GPCRs to PLD; mechanisms by which phosphatidic acid (PA) regulates cell cycle, growth, and proliferation; roles of PLD in zebrafish; developing novel probes for defining specific lipid binding targets; precursor-product relationships of lipid enzymes using mass spectrometry; lipid perioxidation and antioxidant mechanisms; and advanced methods in lipid mass spectrometry.
Publications
- Tallman, KA, Armstrong, MD, Milne, SB, Marnett, LJ, Brown, HA, Porter, NA Cobalt carbonyl complexes as probes for alkyne-tagged lipids. J Lipid Res, 54(3), 859-68, 2013.
- O''Reilly, MC, Scott, SA, Brown, KA, Oguin, TH, Thomas, PG, Daniels, JS, Morrison, R, Brown, HA, Lindsley, CW Development of Dual PLD1/2 and PLD2 Selective Inhibitors from a Common 1,3,8-Triazaspiro[4.5]decane Core: Discovery of ML298 and ML299 That Decrease Invasive Migration in U87-MG Glioblastoma Cells. J Med Chem, 56(6), 2695-9, 2013.
- Yang, MY, Hilton, MB, Seaman, S, Haines, DC, Nagashima, K, Burks, CM, Tessarollo, L, Ivanova, PT, Brown, HA, Umstead, TM, Floros, J, Chroneos, ZC, St Croix, B Essential Regulation of Lung Surfactant Homeostasis by the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR116. Cell Rep, 3(5), 1457-64, 2013.
- Meszaros, P, Klappe, K, van Dam, A, Ivanova, PT, Milne, SB, Myers, DS, Brown, HA, Permentier, H, Hoekstra, D, Kok, JW Long term myriocin treatment increases MRP1 transport activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 45(2), 326-34, 2013.
- Scott, SA, Xiang, Y, Mathews, TP, Plumley, HC, Myers, DS, Armstrong, MD, Tallman, KA, O''Reilly, MC, Lindsley, CW, Brown, HA Regulation of Phospholipase D Activity and Phosphatidic Acid Production Following Purinergic (P2Y6) Receptor Stimulation. J Biol Chem, 2013.
- Moore,J., Li,S., Myers, DS, Milne, SB, Brown, HA, and Shaw, W. "Standardization and quantification of lysophosphatidic acid compounds by normal-phase and reverse-phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.." Book chapter - Lysophospholipid receptors: Signaling and Biochemistry, John Wiley &Sons(Ed. J. Chun, T. Hla, S. Spiegel, W. Moolenaar), 137-152, 2013.
- Milne, SB, Mathews, TP, Myers, DS, Ivanova, PT, Brown, HA Sum of the Parts: Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Biochemistry, 52(22), 3829-3840, 2013.
- Kumari, M, Schoiswohl, G, Chitraju, C, Paar, M, Cornaciu, I, Rangrez, AY, Wongsiriroj, N, Nagy, HM, Ivanova, PT, Scott, SA, Knittelfelder, O, Rechberger, GN, Birner-Gruenberger, R, Eder, S, Brown, HA, Haemmerle, G, Oberer, M, Lass, A, Kershaw, EE, Zimmermann, R, Zechner, R Adiponutrin functions as a nutritionally regulated lysophosphatidic Acid acyltransferase. Cell Metab, 15(5), 691-702, 2012.
- Lord, CC, Betters, JL, Ivanova, PT, Milne, SB, Myers, DS, Madenspacher, J, Thomas, G, Chung, S, Liu, M, Davis, MA, Lee, RG, Crooke, RM, Graham, MJ, Parks, JS, Brasaemle, DL, Fessler, MB, Brown, HA, Brown, JM CGI-58/ABHD5-derived signaling lipids regulate systemic inflammation and insulin action. Diabetes, 61(2), 355-63, 2012.
- Li, JZ, Huang, Y, Karaman, R, Ivanova, PT, Brown, HA, Roddy, T, Castro-Perez, J, Cohen, JC, Hobbs, HH Chronic overexpression of PNPLA3I148M in mouse liver causes hepatic steatosis. J Clin Invest, 2012.
- Cipriano, R, Graham, J, Miskimen, KL, Bryson, BL, Bruntz, RC, Scott, SA, Brown, HA, Stark, GR, Jackson, MW FAM83B mediates EGFR- and RAS-driven oncogenic transformation. J Clin Invest, 122(9), 3197-210, 2012.
- Brown HA "Lipidomics: When apocrypha becomes canonical." Current Opin Chem Biology, 16(1-2), 221-226, 2012.
- Lindsley, CW, Brown, HA Phospholipase D as a therapeutic target in brain disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(1), 301-2, 2012.
- Spann, NJ, Garmire, LX, McDonald, JG, Myers, DS, Milne, SB, Shibata, N, Reichart, D, Fox, JN, Shaked, I, Heudobler, D, Raetz, CR, Wang, EW, Kelly, SL, Sullards, MC, Murphy, RC, Merrill, AH, Brown, HA, Dennis, EA, Li, AC, Ley, K, Tsimikas, S, Fahy, E, Subramaniam, S, Quehenberger, O, Russell, DW, Glass, CK Regulated accumulation of desmosterol integrates macrophage lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. Cell, 151(1), 138-52, 2012.
- Gorden, DL, Ivanova, PT, Myers, DS, McIntyre, JO, VanSaun, MN, Wright, JK, Matrisian, LM, Brown, HA Increased diacylglycerols characterize hepatic lipid changes in progression of human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; comparison to a murine model. PLoS One, 6(8), e22775, 2011.
- Brown, HA, Marnett, LJ Introduction to lipid biochemistry, metabolism, and signaling. Chem Rev, 111(10), 5817-20, 2011.
- Norton, LJ, Zhang, Q, Saqib, KM, Schrewe, H, Macura, K, Anderson, KE, Lindsley, CW, Brown, HA, Rudge, SA, Wakelam, MJ PLD1 rather than PLD2 regulates phorbol-ester-, adhesion-dependent and Fc{gamma}-receptor-stimulated ROS production in neutrophils. J Cell Sci, 124(Pt 12), 1973-83, 2011.
- Selvy, PE, Lavieri, RR, Lindsley, CW, Brown, HA Phospholipase D: enzymology, functionality, and chemical modulation. Chem Rev, 111(10), 6064-119, 2011.
- Myers, DS, Ivanova, PT, Milne, SB, Brown, HA Quantitative analysis of glycerophospholipids by LC-MS: acquisition, data handling, and interpretation. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1811(11), 748-57, 2011.
- Liu, ST, Sharon-Friling, R, Ivanova, P, Milne, SB, Myers, DS, Rabinowitz, JD, Brown, HA, Shenk, T Synaptic vesicle-like lipidome of human cytomegalovirus virions reveals a role for SNARE machinery in virion egress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108(31), 12869-74, 2011.
- Dennis, EA, Deems, RA, Harkewicz, R, Quehenberger, O, Brown, HA, Milne, SB, Myers, DS, Glass, CK, Hardiman, G, Reichart, D, Merrill, AH, Sullards, MC, Wang, E, Murphy, RC, Raetz, CR, Garrett, TA, Guan, Z, Ryan, AC, Russell, DW, McDonald, JG, Thompson, BM, Shaw, WA, Sud, M, Zhao, Y, Gupta, S, Maurya, MR, Fahy, E, Subramaniam, S A mouse macrophage lipidome. J Biol Chem, 285(51), 39976-85, 2010.
- Milne, SB, Tallman, KA, Serwa, R, Rouzer, CA, Armstrong, MD, Marnett, LJ, Lukehart, CM, Porter, NA, Brown, HA Capture and release of alkyne-derivatized glycerophospholipids using cobalt chemistry. Nat Chem Biol, 6(3), 205-207, 2010.
- Lavieri, RR, Scott, SA, Selvy, PE, Kim, K, Jadhav, S, Morrison, RD, Daniels, JS, Brown, HA, Lindsley, CW Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of halogenated N-(2-(4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)ethyl)benzamides: discovery of an isoform-selective small molecule phospholipase D2 inhibitor. J Med Chem, 53(18), 6706-19, 2010.
- Klappe, K, Dijkhuis, AJ, Hummel, I, van Dam, A, Ivanova, PT, Milne, SB, Myers, DS, Brown, HA, Permentier, H, Kok, JW Extensive sphingolipid depletion does not affect lipid raft integrity or lipid raft localization and efflux function of the ABC transporter MRP1. Biochem J, 430(3), 519-29, 2010.
- Ivanova, PT, Milne, SB, Brown, HA Identification of atypical ether-linked glycerophospholipid species in macrophages by mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res, 51(6), 1581-90, 2010.
- Shulga, YV, Myers, DS, Ivanova, PT, Milne, SB, Brown, HA, Topham, MK, Epand, RM Molecular species of phosphatidylinositol-cycle intermediates in the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. Biochemistry, 49(2), 312-7, 2010.
- Andreyev, AY, Fahy, E, Guan, Z, Kelly, S, Li, X, McDonald, JG, Milne, S, Myers, D, Park, H, Ryan, A, Thompson, BM, Wang, E, Zhao, Y, Brown, HA, Merrill, AH, Raetz, CR, Russell, DW, Subramaniam, S, Dennis, EA Subcellular organelle lipidomics in TLR-4-activated macrophages. J Lipid Res, 51(9), 2785-97, 2010.
- Lewis, JA, Scott, SA, Lavieri, R, Buck, JR, Selvy, PE, Stoops, SL, Armstrong, MD, Brown, HA, Lindsley, CW Design and synthesis of isoform-selective phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitors. Part I: Impact of alternative halogenated privileged structures for PLD1 specificity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 19(7), 1916-20, 2009.
- Scott, SA, Selvy, PE, Buck, JR, Cho, HP, Criswell, TL, Thomas, AL, Armstrong, MD, Arteaga, CL, Lindsley, CW, Brown, HA Design of isoform-selective phospholipase D inhibitors that modulate cancer cell invasiveness. Nat Chem Biol, 5(2), 108-17, 2009.
- Lung, M, Shulga, YV, Ivanova, PT, Myers, DS, Milne, SB, Brown, HA, Topham, MK, Epand, RM Diacylglycerol kinase epsilon is selective for both acyl chains of phosphatidic acid or diacylglycerol. J Biol Chem, 284(45), 31062-73, 2009.
- Holinstat, M, Preininger, AM, Milne, SB, Hudson, WJ, Brown, HA, Hamm, HE Irreversible platelet activation requires protease-activated receptor 1-mediated signaling to phosphatidylinositol phosphates. Mol Pharmacol, 76(2), 301-13, 2009.
- Rappley, I, Myers, DS, Milne, SB, Ivanova, PT, Lavoie, MJ, Brown, HA, Selkoe, DJ Lipidomic profiling in mouse brain reveals differences between ages and genders, with smaller changes associated with alpha-synuclein genotype. J Neurochem, 111(1), 15-25, 2009.
- Ivanova, PT, Milne, SB, Myers, DS, Brown, HA Lipidomics: a mass spectrometry based systems level analysis of cellular lipids. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 2009.
- Zeng, XX, Zheng, X, Xiang, Y, Cho, HP, Jessen, JR, Zhong, TP, Solnica-Krezel, L, Brown, HA Phospholipase D1 is required for angiogenesis of intersegmental blood vessels in zebrafish. Dev Biol, 328(2), 363-76, 2009.
- Brown, HA, Murphy, RC Working towards an exegesis for lipids in biology. Nat Chem Biol, 5(9), 602-6, 2009.
- Marlo, JE, Niswender, CM, Days, EL, Bridges, TM, Xiang, Y, Rodriguez, AL, Shirey, JK, Brady, AE, Nalywajko, T, Luo, Q, Austin, CA, Williams, MB, Kim, K, Williams, R, Orton, D, Brown, HA, Lindsley, CW, Weaver, CD, Conn, PJ Discovery and characterization of novel allosteric potentiators of M1 muscarinic receptors reveals multiple modes of activity. Mol Pharmacol, 2008.
- Milne, SB, Ivanova, PT, Armstrong, MD, Myers, DS, Lubarda, J, Shulga, YV, Topham, MK, Brown, HA, Epand, RM Dramatic differences in the roles in lipid metabolism of two isoforms of diacylglycerol kinase. Biochemistry, 47(36), 9372-9, 2008.
- Garcia, A, Zheng, Y, Zhao, C, Toschi, A, Fan, J, Shraibman, N, Brown, HA, Bar-Sagi, D, Foster, DA, Arbiser, JL Honokiol suppresses survival signals mediated by Ras-dependent phospholipase D activity in human cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res, 14(13), 4267-74, 2008.
- Brown, HA New mechanism for a classic folate inhibitor. Nat Chem Biol, 4(10), 581-2, 2008.
- Sun, Y, Fang, Y, Yoon, MS, Zhang, C, Roccio, M, Zwartkruis, FJ, Armstrong, M, Brown, HA, Chen, J Phospholipase D1 is an effector of Rheb in the mTOR pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105(24), 8286-91, 2008.
- Brown, HA, Henage, LG, Preininger, AM, Xiang, Y, Exton, JH Biochemical analysis of phospholipase D. Methods Enzymol, 43449-87, 2007.
- Murphy, SC, Fernandez-Pol, S, Chung, PH, Prasanna Murthy, SN, Milne, SB, Salomao, M, Brown, HA, Lomasney, JW, Mohandas, N, Haldar, K Cytoplasmic remodeling of erythrocyte raft lipids during infection by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Blood, 110(6), 2132-9, 2007.
- Ivanova, PT, Milne, SB, Byrne, MO, Xiang, Y, Brown, HA Glycerophospholipid identification and quantitation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol, 43221-57, 2007.
- Sud, M, Fahy, E, Cotter, D, Brown, A, Dennis, EA, Glass, CK, Merrill, AH, Murphy, RC, Raetz, CR, Russell, DW, Subramaniam, S LMSD: LIPID MAPS structure database. Nucleic Acids Res, 35(Database issue), D527-32, 2007.
- Rouzer, CA, Ivanova, PT, Byrne, MO, Brown, HA, Marnett, LJ Lipid profiling reveals glycerophospholipid remodeling in zymosan-stimulated macrophages. Biochemistry, 46(20), 6026-42, 2007.
- Callender, HL, Forrester, JS, Ivanova, P, Preininger, A, Milne, S, Brown, HA Quantification of diacylglycerol species from cellular extracts by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a linear regression algorithm. Anal Chem, 79(1), 263-72, 2007.
- Preininger, AM, Henage, LG, Oldham, WM, Yoon, EJ, Hamm, HE, Brown, HA Direct modulation of phospholipase D activity by Gbetagamma. Mol Pharmacol, 70(1), 311-8, 2006.
- Henage, LG, Exton, JH, Brown, HA Kinetic analysis of a mammalian phospholipase D: allosteric modulation by monomeric GTPases, protein kinase C, and polyphosphoinositides. J Biol Chem, 281(6), 3408-17, 2006.
- Rouzer, CA, Ivanova, PT, Byrne, MO, Milne, SB, Marnett, LJ, Brown, HA Lipid profiling reveals arachidonate deficiency in RAW264.7 cells: Structural and functional implications. Biochemistry, 45(49), 14795-808, 2006.
- Milne, S, Ivanova, P, Forrester, J, Alex Brown, H Lipidomics: an analysis of cellular lipids by ESI-MS. Methods, 39(2), 92-103, 2006.
- Milne, S.B., Forrester, J.S., Ivanova, P.T., and Brown H.A. "Multiplexed Lipid Arrays of Antiimmunoglobulin IV-Induced Changes in the Glycerophospholipid Composition of WEHI-231 Cells." , 2006.
- Dennis, E.A., Brown, H.A., Merrill, A.H., Murphy, R.C., Raetz, C.R., Russell, D.W., Wooley, J. and Deems, R.A "The LIPID MAPS Approach to Lipidomics.." In: Functional Lipidomics. edited by L. Feng and G.D. Prestwich. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
- Milne, SB, Ivanova, PT, DeCamp, D, Hsueh, RC, Brown, HA A targeted mass spectrometric analysis of phosphatidylinositol phosphate species. J Lipid Res, 46(8), 1796-802, 2005.
- Forrester, Jeffrey S, Milne, Stephen B, Ivanova, Pavlina T, Brown, H Alex Computational lipidomics: a multiplexed analysis of dynamic changes in membrane lipid composition during signal transduction. Mol Pharmacol, 65(4), 813-21, 2004.
- Ivanova, Pavlina T, Milne, Stephen B, Forrester, Jeffrey S, Brown, H Alex LIPID Arrays: New Tools in the Understanding of Membrane Dynamics and Lipid Signaling. Mol Interv, 4(2), 86-96, 2004.
- Walker, Stephanie J, Brown, H Alex, , Measurement of G protein-coupled receptor-stimulated phospholipase D activity in intact cells. Methods Mol Biol, 23789-97, 2004.
- Gidwani, Arun, Brown, H Alex, Holowka, David, Baird, Barbara Disruption of lipid order by short-chain ceramides correlates with inhibition of phospholipase D and downstream signaling by FcepsilonRI.. J Cell Sci, 116(Pt 15), 3177-87, 2003.
- Milne, S.B., Forrester, J.S., Ivanova, P.T., and Brown, A.H Multipleaxed Lipid Arrays of Aniti-IgM0induced changes in the glycerophospholipid composition of WEHI-231 cells. AfCS Research Reports, 2003.
- Ge, Mingtao, Gidwani, Arun, Brown, H Alex, Holowka, David, Baird, Barbara, Freed, Jack H Ordered and disordered phases coexist in plasma membrane vesicles of RBL-2H3 mast cells. An ESR study.. Biophys J, 85(2), 1278-88, 2003.
- Fang, Yimin, Park, In-Hyun, Wu, Ai-Luen, Du, Guangwei, Huang, Ping, Frohman, Michael A, Walker, Stephanie J, Brown, H Alex, Chen, Jie PLD1 regulates mTOR signaling and mediates Cdc42 activation of S6K1. Curr Biol, 13(23), 2037-44, 2003.
- Sieczkarski, Sara B, Brown, H Alex, Whittaker, Gary R Role of protein kinase C betaII in influenza virus entry via late endosomes.. J Virol, 77(1), 460-9, 2003.
- Brooks, Marjory B, Catalfamo, James L, Brown, H Alex, Ivanova, Pavlina, Lovaglio, Jamie A hereditary bleeding disorder of dogs caused by a lack of platelet procoagulant activity. Blood, 99(7), 2434-41, 2002.
- Walker, S. and Brown, H.A "Measurement of G protein stimulated phospholipase D activity in intact cells." METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/ BIOTECHNOLOGY/ MEDICINE. Humana, Totowa, NJ, 2002.
- Gilman, A.G., et al "Overview of the alliance for cellular signaling." Natue, 420703-706, 2002.
- Eisen, Susanne F, Brown, H Alex Selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulators differentially regulate phospholipase D catalytic activity in ER-negative breast cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol, 62(4), 911-20, 2002.
- Walker, Stephanie J, Brown, H Alex Specificity of Rho insert-mediated activation of phospholipase D1. J Biol Chem, 277(29), 26260-7, 2002.
- Ge, M, Cohen, J S, Brown, H A, Freed, J H ADP ribosylation factor 6 binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-containing vesicles creates defects in the bilayer structure: an electron spin resonance study. Biophys J, 81(2), 994-1005, 2001.
- Ivanova, P T, Cerda, B A, Horn, D M, Cohen, J S, McLafferty, F W, Brown, H A Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of changes in phospholipids in RBL-2H3 mastocytoma cells during degranulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98(13), 7152-7, 2001.
- Ganley, I G, Walker, S J, Manifava, M, Li, D, Brown, H A, Ktistakis, N T Interaction of phospholipase D1 with a casein-kinase-2-like serine kinase. Biochem J, 354(Pt 2), 369-78, 2001.
- Cohen, J S, Brown, H A Phospholipases stimulate secretion in RBL mast cells. Biochemistry, 40(22), 6589-97, 2001.
- Walker, S J, Wu, W J, Cerione, R A, Brown, H A Activation of phospholipase D1 by Cdc42 requires the Rho insert region. J Biol Chem, 275(21), 15665-8, 2000.
- Paradiso, A M, Brown, H A, Ye, H, Harden, T K, Boucher, R C Heterogeneous responses of cell Ca2+ in human airway epithelium. Exp Lung Res, 25(4), 277-90, 1999.
- Singer, W D, Brown, H A, Sternweis, P C Regulation of eukaryotic phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and phospholipase D. Annu Rev Biochem, 66475-509, 1997.
- Lazarowski, E R, Watt, W C, Stutts, M J, Brown, H A, Boucher, R C, Harden, T K Enzymatic synthesis of UTP gamma S, a potent hydrolysis resistant agonist of P2U-purinoceptors. Br J Pharmacol, 117(1), 203-9, 1996.
- Ktistakis, N T, Brown, H A, Waters, M G, Sternweis, P C, Roth, M G Evidence that phospholipase D mediates ADP ribosylation factor-dependent formation of Golgi coated vesicles. J Cell Biol, 134(2), 295-306, 1996.
- Singer, W D, Brown, H A, Jiang, X, Sternweis, P C Regulation of phospholipase D by protein kinase C is synergistic with ADP-ribosylation factor and independent of protein kinase activity. J Biol Chem, 271(8), 4504-10, 1996.
- Brown, H A, Gutowski, S, Kahn, R A, Sternweis, P C Partial purification and characterization of Arf-sensitive phospholipase D from porcine brain. J Biol Chem, 270(25), 14935-43, 1995.
- Ktistakis, N T, Brown, H A, Sternweis, P C, Roth, M G Phospholipase D is present on Golgi-enriched membranes and its activation by ADP ribosylation factor is sensitive to brefeldin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 92(11), 4952-6, 1995.
- Singer, W D, Brown, H A, Bokoch, G M, Sternweis, P C Resolved phospholipase D activity is modulated by cytosolic factors other than Arf. J Biol Chem, 270(25), 14944-50, 1995.
- Brown, H A, Sternweis, P C Stimulation of phospholipase D by ADP-ribosylation factor. Methods Enzymol, 257313-24, 1995.
- Brown, H A, Gutowski, S, Moomaw, C R, Slaughter, C, Sternweis, P C ADP-ribosylation factor, a small GTP-dependent regulatory protein, stimulates phospholipase D activity. Cell, 75(6), 1137-44, 1993.
- Brown, H A, Lazarowski, E R, Boucher, R C, Harden, T K Evidence that UTP and ATP regulate phospholipase C through a common extracellular 5''-nucleotide receptor in human airway epithelial cells. Mol Pharmacol, 40(5), 648-55, 1991.
- Harden, T K, Boyer, J L, Brown, H A, Cooper, C L, Jeffs, R A, Martin, M W Biochemical properties of a P2Y-purinergic receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 603256-66, 1990.
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